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Redivicism in California - 574 Words

California has one of the nation’s highest recidivism rates, which has been a well-known problem for many years. The rate has been steadily dropping. However it is still about 15% higher than the national average of 43.3% (McDonald, â€Å"California’s Recidivism Problem†). The recidivism problem in California is caused by rehabilitation programs not being effective enough to keep ex-convicts out of prison. Keeping prisoners in the California prison system is an enormous waste of taxpayer money. Instead of spending more and more on prisons, the money could be used elsewhere such as lowering college tuition for students. The government could easily save money for other purposes such as this by changing rehabilitation to make it more effective. In order to reduce spending on prisons and recidivism, prisons need to have better rehabilitation programs to make ex-convicts into productive members of society. Prisons are expensive facilities to operate. Each year, Califo rnia prisons house more than 100,000 inmates (Graves, â€Å"Fewer State Prisoners, Higher Cost Per Inmate†). While the number of inmates has been steadily decreasing, spending per inmate has skyrocketed to about $60,000 from $33,000 in 1995 (Dean, â€Å"CA Spending Per Inmate Rising Faster Than Spending Per Child†). That is about six billion dollars spent on prisoners alone. The government is wasting more and more taxpayer money on keeping inmates inside the prisons. With about 58% of ex-convicts returning to prison within

Research Essay-Pre Revolutionary Thinkers Free Essays

Over the past several weeks, looking out of the window of my modest home and seeing wave after wave of British marauders marching toward the city of Boston, some miles from my own home, my mind wanders to exactly what has taken place over the past several years in the fight for independence for our colonies, and what the future will hold. As a person of means and education, I consider myself infinitely qualified to comment on such matters, and in doing so, have also studied the writings and ideas of the leaders of our revolution, in order to be able to comment about the same. First, my mind wanders back to the year 1765, when we in the colonies sought to oppose the British attempt to extort monies from us via the Stamp Act, which had as its premise the collection of taxes in order to improve the living conditions and inner workings of the colonies (Ferling, 2002) , but in reality, to those of us who could see through the smoke of British muskets being aimed at us, it was nothing more than a legal form of blackmail, for the taxes that we were being compelled to pay gave us no more of a voice in the halls of British Parliament than the common slave would in fact have. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Essay-Pre Revolutionary Thinkers or any similar topic only for you Order Now When it was said that taxation without representation is nothing more than tyranny, the words rang true in my ears and in my heart. If the British Crown truly wishes to be able to legitimately collect taxes from the colonists, we must be able to exercise our basic freedoms and enjoy the protection of the Crown, including a voice in the halls of Parliament. Benjamin Franklin, a learned man of science and politics as well as a well traveled diplomat, has stated time and time again that all men are entitled to liberty (Watson, 2003); not the kind of liberty that has conditions of allegiance to a distant ruler attached to it, but the kind of liberty that is completely pure and noble- one that allows everyone to be able to pursue their own interests, contribute to the well-being of the common good, and be able to enjoy the blessing of raising one’s children in a free nation. One of Mr. Franklin’s best ideas is the plan that he has constructed for the unity of the colonies under one government (Watson, 2003); however, this plan must be clarified for one to truly understand both the simplicity and the beauty of it. Mr. Franklin does not advocate an allegiance to the British Empire, which has thus far added little of value to what we are doing here in the colonies, but rather a freely elected government, with the people choosing the members of the government and that government working at the interests of the people, not oppressing or opposing them. This is something that is seriously lacking in the thoughts and actions of the English, who believe that we colonists could be stacked like cordwood and used when necessary, ignored the rest of the time. Not only is this ridiculous, but it also makes cleared the importance of what Mr. Franklin has offered thus far. Mr. Franklin is not alone in these beliefs, nor has he been forced to carry the torch of liberty on his own. Yet another brilliant liberator of the colonists can be found in the person of Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. As a prolific writer as is Mr. Franklin, Jefferson has put pen to paper and created a declaration of the independence that we seek from the Crown of England. While this document has not been intended to fire up controversy, it has raised the anger of those that would hold us back from our destiny, and will surely cause many problems going forward, before it is able to achieve its ultimate goal of freeing us from our political and economic bondage (Dershowitz, 2003). The Jeffersonian ideal of self government, as he proclaims, is worthwhile to consider, for within it, he feels that if men are given the ability to lead themselves and achieve their own destinies, not only will their nation, but future generations and the whole of mankind will be enriched for all time (Eicholz, 2001). The issue of independence goes so much deeper than the everyday lives of colonists; the issue cuts right to the will of the human race to be free and to lead themselves. While mistakes surely will and must happen from time to time, these mistakes will take place in an atmosphere of freedom, which is the naturally desirable state of man (Volo, 2003) These gentlemen are worthy of consideration from everyone who would be free for this reason if no other. For all of this talk of independence, I have not yet given much of my own impressions of the goings on and where I think everything will eventually lead. First, let me say this- I believe that it is the will of God almighty that these colonies be able to become something on their own and develop a system of government beyond the shadow of England’s heavy hand. America offers the bounty of the land, a hardworking population, and all of the materials that one would need to meet their needs- physical and spiritual. With these gifts from God in place, it is inconceivable that He would have us do anything else but to fight as hard as we need to in order to gain freedom and self responsibility. My sentiments are echoed throughout the land; of course, the men who are gathered in Philadelphia have made this abundantly clear through their speech and written words, and the common citizen has shown their interest in the cause by taking up arms when necessary to fight for their lands, hearths and families. Because we all have put in the labor and money to build homes, plant crops, and establish industry, we should enjoy the fruits of those labors without having to hand over the fruits to greedy dictators from across the sea who would take as much as we could give. This raises the question of where to go from here; all effort must be made to keep our colonies strong through faith, hard work, and lawful behavior (Volo, 2003). Without these factors in place, we would surely fail, but this is not the case. We have at our disposal all of the tools that we will need to forge the freedom and keep the peace. In conclusion, after taking an educated look at what Mr. Franklin, Mr. Jefferson and their colleagues have thought and practiced in this effort to gain recognition as a nation, away from the oppression of the British crown, I am of like mind with these gentlemen and their confederates. It is essential that we follow this path to its logical conclusion, for while the actions may be risky, the consequences of inaction are even more so pricey. References Dershowitz, A. (2003). America Declares Independence. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Eicholz, H. L. (2001). Harmonizing Sentiments: The Declaration of Independence and the Jeffersonian Idea of Self Government. New York: Peter Lang. Ferling, J. (2002). Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press. Volo, D. D. , M. Volo, J. (2003). Daily Life during the American Revolution. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Watson, J. (2003). Ben Franklin, Protector of Americans Abroad. Biography, 26(3), 438+. How to cite Research Essay-Pre Revolutionary Thinkers, Essays

Project Management - Leadership and Skills Planning and Control

Question: Leadership is the ability to establish vision and direction, to influence and align others towards a common purpose and to empower and inspire people to achieve success. Critically discuss the role of leadership style and teambuilding in project management utilising appropriate theoretical models to identify how project staff can be led and motivated depending on project and its life-cycle. Include in your answer a discussion of the role of leadership and communication in this process. Answer: Introduction Leadership is the most common topic that has been for discussion for many years and it is the frequent issues that every organization has to go through. An organization cant be succeeded without good leader. Only leader can help the people to achieve the goal and it shows the path on every people walk. Without a leader no organization can think of its future. Leadership is the way or ability that set direction and vision, also aim to influence and align people to work for common goal. Leadership style plays the most important role in empowering and inspiring people for achieve the required organization success. In regard to this there are many leadership theories that impact the leadership style and this subject can be approached in variety of ways. The best approach to learn about the leadership styles is to compare the transactional leaders with transformational leaders. Transformational leaders help people with every possible manner to get them succeed in their own right and becom e leaders (Turner and Mller, 2012). There goal is to transform the people to the successful leader and achieve the goals that was expected and lead organization in future. On the other hand transactional leader believe in rewards and penalties for the requirements that are set. It is an exchange program and people are rewarded on the basis what has been delivered by them. So, to highlight the importance of leadership in the organization and how the factors related to leadership impact the people, this paper is written that provide overview of various leadership theories and examples to understand it further. Leadership style has great role in project management as only leader can motivate the people to achieve the goal faster and in easier way. Leadership: Definition Leadership is the process through which leader influences the other people to fulfill the objectives of the organization. Leadership provides direction to the organization in such a way that makes the work more cohesive and coherent. The definition proposed by the Northhouse, Leadership is the process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. Leader always carry out the process through applying the various leadership attributes such as beliefs, values, ethics, knowledge and skills to the best for the organization (Turner and Mller, 2012). Position of manager, team leader or supervisor gives you to play the role of leader through completing the certain tasks and objectives. All these positions only provide the chance to play role of leader but in true sense it make you boss not a leader (Alizor, 2013). Leader is someone that makes people to achieve high goals and objectives on the other hand bosses aims to fulfill the given task or objectives. There is always a question in debate Whether leaders are born or made. On this it can be said that leaders are not born they are made providing they should posses the necessary qualities for being as a leader. It is the organization responsibility to provide leader with proper training and skill development courses to help with quality leadership. Knowledge and skills helps directly with the process of leadership while other attributes provides a leader with certain qualities that make him different from others (Hutabarat, 2014). There are four main factors that impact leadership. These are leader himself, his followers, communication between them and situations. Classification of leadership styles and their role in team building process in project management There exits different leadership styles within the working environment and each have there own advantages and disadvantages. It is the culture and goals of the organization that decides which leadership style suits best to the organization. There are some organizations that offer various leadership styles within the organization depending upon the task and needs of the organization. Different leadership styles and role of each in teambuilding is given as under: Laissez-Faire: These types of leaders do direct the employees under them directly and also dont provide proper feedback to the employees under his supervision. Under this leadership style only highly experienced and trained employees falls as these employees do not require much supervision (Zumitzavan and Michie, 2015). But not all employees posses such qualities and they need to be highly trained to be fit for this leadership style. This leadership does support project management and team building as employees does not get proper feedback and supervision from the leader. No efforts are put by the leaders in this leadership style that leads to poor management, lack of control and increasing organization cost (Burke and Barron, 2014). Autocratic: Autocratic leadership style provides the manager to make decisions themselves without taking input from others. Leaders decides what they think is best and put forward to all employees under his control. In this leadership style, leader is sole responsible for the project carried by him. Generally, owners of the organization behave like autocratic leader as no one can command them (Bonnici and Cooper, 2011). Employees are not benefited from this leadership style because employees dont like to be command forcefully to do their task. Communication under this style is vertical and takes place directly from leader to employees and no feedback is taken from employees. Autocratic leaders directly work for the organization through not taking the interest of employees. Therefore project management and team building does not work properly in this type of leadership (Hutabarat, 2014). Participative or democratic: Under this leadership style, employees feedbacks are given proper importance and they are involved in decision making. Responsibility to take the final decision rests with the leader after taking all the input from their subordinate employees. Democratic leaders believe that employees are the person that makes the work done, therefore, employees must be given importance and their feedbacks are taken in decision making process. Leader always boost morale of employees and supports them in every situation to give maximum output. Under this leadership style employees feels that they are part of organization and their opinion matters the organization a lot (Exantus, 2012). When management wants to make changes in the organization activities, employees under this leadership style benefited a lot as democratic helps employees to adapt changes easily. Leaders play equal role as employees under this leadership style. So it can be said that this leadership help mor e in project management process and it is one most followed leadership style within the organization. Communication plays an important role in this leadership style as leader and team members are closely connected (Bieck, 2014). Parallel communication is effective under such style and provides maximum output. This leadership style helps to meet the challenges when management wants to make decisions at short interval and such task needs to be completed at very short interval (Wart, 2014). So, it can be concluded this leadership styles highly support team building process and project management. Transactional: Under this leadership style, leaders are given with certain tasks that need to be done in the particular time period and rewards are given on the basis of work done and performance while carrying out such task (Herrmann, Fechner and Radloff, 2013). It is in the hand of leader on how to manage the work through the implied task force. Rewards and punishment are given by the leader on basis of pre set criteria and on basis of performance of results. Leaders and team members come together to agreed on the predetermined task and members agreed to follow the direction given by the leader. Leader has the power to review the work done and correct mistakes when team members fail to meet the targets (Bonnici and Cooper, 2011). Employees are entitled for the rewards for meeting the targets and bonuses for their extra efforts. This leadership style is much effective in short run and certain tasks need to be carried out in fixed time period. Although, this leadership style supports project management but cant effective in long run. Communication takes place from leader to team members directly in this leadership style. Transformational: This leadership style is highly dependent on level of communication within the organization. There need to be communication from management for each task and how it should be carried out. Management takes each task very precisely and they are equally involved in such task. Management plays an important role in motivating the employees and enhances the productivity (Zumitzavan and Michie, 2015). There aim is to transform the employees to give their best and also motivate them to complete the given task. Efficiency of employees is increased through better communication and high visibility (Watson, 2013). Under this leadership style role of management is highly important and reasonability is equally distributed to get best output from the employees. Management divide the task in smaller parts and distribute them within the task force and take feedback from each employees on how to carry out such task and implement such feedback in their decision making process (Exantus , 2012). This leadership style helps a lot in project management and team building process. Leadership theories and their use in project management Depending upon research and studies there are many leadership theories and each has their own way to classify type of leadership style. Philosophers, researchers and professors have researched and have given their own leadership theories. Those are accepted and well known are discussed below. Each leadership theory has assumptions and criteria to carry out the leadership. Leadership theories are mainly classified on the basis of time (Somech, 2009). For example, before nineteen century great man theory is followed and accepted. In mid 19th centaury trait theory was given importance and followed by huge number of leaders. Here, discussion will be done on 8 well known and classified leadership theories that are generally accepted around the world. Leadership theories are given below: Great Man Theory: This theory assumed that leaders are born and are not made. People thinks that great leader arise when there is great need. This leadership theory is researched by the people who were already great leaders. There is belief that great man strayed into the mythic domain and leaders arise when the times demand. There are famous examples great leaders like Eisenhower and Churchill who set example for leadership. Under this theory there was no gender issues as it is belief that man are born to lead and woman are good in other areas (Armstrong, 2006). It is saying that history is nothing but a tale of great man who leads the people to their best future. Behavioral Theory: Under this theory leaders are not born but they are created. This theory states that successful leadership is based in definable and learnable behavior. Behavioral theory does not seek inborn traits and capabilities but in actual act done by leaders are given importance. According to theory it is easy to teach and learn rather to adopt the traits and capabilities posses by others. This theory is totally different from the trait theory as it assumes capabilities can be learned (Nohria and Khurana, 2013). Compare to other theories this theory is easy to adopt as both leadership and the action of leader can be measured. Trait theory: In this theory it is assumed that people are born with inherited traits or capabilities and these traits decide leadership qualities. There are traits that are best suited for leadership and on such basis leader are born (Oforchukwu, 2011). Therefore people with such traits have quality of leadership. Some of important traits that are related to leadership are Assertive, Cooperative, Decisive, Dependable, Persistent, Self-confident, tolerant of stress, dominant etc. Apart from these traits leaders must posses some skills like intelligence, creative mind, good communication skill, persuasive, and diplomatic. People having such traits and skills are best suitable for leadership (Belias and Koustelios, 2014). Participative leadership theory: There are certain assumptions to this theory that decide how leader leads the team members. Involvement of team members in the decision making process and taking helps from fellow members by the leaders is one of the assumptions that provide success. Involvement in decision making process makes the team members more responsible to the project and it is easy to motivate them (Lussier and Achua, 2015). As per this theory, leaders are not autocratic but they take equal participation in the task to get it done. It states that team members are more collaborative and less competitive to go for joint goals. Leaders listen to his team members very carefully and give equal importance to their views. Participation of team members are appreciated in decision making process and provide a sense of ownership to the employees (Krause, Gebert, and Kearney, 2007). Situational leadership theory: This theory states that action taken by the leader according to situations is the judging factor to decide the best leader. A best leader is who that takes right step even in the worst situation. Different leaders take different steps in each situation but success falls in hands of leader that has taken best action to complete the task. Factors like motivation and capability of followers affects the situational decisions. Relationship between leader and team members is also the judging factor and also affects the leader behavior on the particular situation (Humphrey, 2013). The six variables that decide the leaders behavior on the particular situation are Subordinate effort, Subordinate abilityandrole clarity, organization of work, cooperation and cohesiveness, resources and supports, and external coordination. Leaders manage external relationship, acquisition of resources and managing the demand of the group (Hamilton, 2007). Contingency theory: According to this theory, leaders ability to lead the team members is totally dependent upon the various situation factors that include the leaders style, traits and behavior with followers. Contingency theory states that there is no best way to leading, one leadership style can be best suited in particular situation cant be successful in others. As per this theory, leaders who are successful in particular situation might not possible that they will succeed in other situation (Oforchukwu, 2011). This theory is similar to situation theory but an only difference is that situational theory focus more on behavior that leaders adopt on particular situation. Transactional theory of leadership: As per this theory team members are motivated through rewards and punishment. There is clear chain command that regulates the team members and maximum output is taken from members. Leaders act as boss and give direct command to the member and rewards on the basis of there performance (Vioet, 2013). Clear set of structure is created and followed by all and on the basis of such set of criteria performance is evaluated. When the work is allocated by the transactional leader to the subordinate, they are considered as fully responsible for such task (Lussier and Achua, 2015). Transformational theory of leadership: This theory is based on certain assumptions. According to this theory people follow a person who inspired them and motivate them to do work. A person having clear set of vision and passion will surely achieve great in his life. Transformational leader gives all their energy and has passion to do task with 100 % involvement (Northouse, 2012). These leaders truly care about the subordinates and want them to succeed in the life. Future vision is created and put on the table to be discussed. Mutual agreed decision is taken and all follow such decision. It is expected from the members to follow the leader and give everything to get succeeded in the set goal. Leader lead the members through carrying put work in between the members and command them from the centre. Leaders here believe in big picture and ignore the small mistakes as what left behind cant be achieved (Adetule, 2011). According to this theory members are responsible for task and they mus t in charge of their step taken to fulfill the task. All the above theories play an important role in while deciding the type of leader required for the particular task and how project management can be done easily. Team building is the process which is handled by the leaders and theories of leadership helps leaders in completing this task (Xue, 2016). Conclusion At the end it can be concluded that leadership is very important for every organization and only is responsible for the future of the organization. Team building in the project management is sole responsibility of leader and there are various through which is can be done. Leadership is something that is truly dependent on leader behavior and how he takes the responsibility. References Adetule, P.J. 2011. The Handbook on Management Theories. Author House. Alizor, J.O. 2013. Leadership: Understanding Theory, Style, and Practice: Things You Need to Know about Leading an Organization. WestBow Press. Armstrong, M. 2006. A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice.Kogan Page Publishers. Belias, D. and Koustelios, A. 2014. The Impact Of Leadership And Change Management Strategy On Organizational Culture. European Scientific Journal 10 (7), pp. 451-469. Bieck, O. 2014. Back on track! Successful management techniques to get a company out of debt pile. Anchor Academic Publishing. Bonnici, C.A. and Cooper, B.S. 2011. Creating a Successful Leadership Style: Principles of Personal Strategic Planning. RL Education. Burke, R. and Barron, S. 2014. Project Management Leadership: Building Creative Teams. John Wiley Sons. Exantus, R. 2012. Pastoral Burnout And Leadership Styles: Factors Contributing to Stress and Ministerial Turnover. Author House. Hamilton, C. 2007. Communicating for results: A guide for business and the professions.8th ed. Cengage Learning. Herrmann, L., Fechner, C. and Radloff, J. 2013. Cutting-Edge Leadership Styles: A Critical Discussion. GRIN Verlag. Humphrey, R.H. 2013. Effective Leadership: Theory, Cases, and Applications. SAGE Publications. Hutabarat, F. 2014. Leadership Styles: An Approach in A Global World. BookRix. Krause, D.E., Gebert, D. and Kearney, E. 2007.The benefits of combining delegative-participative with consultative-advisory leadership.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies 14 (1), pp. 16-25. Lussier, R.N. and Achua, C.F. 2015. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development. Cengage Learning. Nohria, N. and Khurana, R. 2013. Handbook of Leadership Theory and Practice: An HBS Centennial Colloquium on Advancing Leadership. Harvard Business Press. Northouse, P.G. 2012. Leadership: Theory and Practice. SAGE Publications. Oforchukwu, J. I. 2011. Perspectives on Leadership: A Synthesis of Types and Theories. Author House. Somech, A. 2009. The effects of leadership style and team process on performance and innovation in functionally heterogeneous teams. Journal of Management 32(1), pp. 132-157. Turner, J.R. and Mller, R. 2012. Project-Oriented Leadership. Gower Publishing, Ltd. Vioet, J. 2013. The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organisation: Transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organisational structure. European Management Journal xxx, pp. 1-10. Wart, M.V. 2014. Leadership in Public Organizations: An Introduction. Routledge. Watson, T. 2013. Management, organisation and employment strategy : new directions in theory and practice. Routledge. Xue, C. 2016. Role of leadership inAchieving Sustainable Organizational Change: Steve Jobs.Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) 2 (8), pp. 263-267. Zumitzavan, V. and Michie, J. 2015. Personal Knowledge Management, Leadership Styles, and Organizational Performance. Springer. Answer:

Bill Gates Leadership Quality free essay sample

Gates and his two sisters had a comfortable upbringing, with Gates being able to attend the exclusive secondary Lakeside School. Bill Gates started studying at Harvard University in 1973 where he spent time with Paul Allen. Gates and Allen worked on a version of the programming language BASIC, that was the basis for the MITS Altair (the first microcomputer available). He did not go on to graduate from Harvard University as he left in his junior year to start what was to become the largest computer software company in the world; Microsoft Corporation.Bill Gates married Melinda French Gates in 1994 and has three children, Jennifer, Rory and Phoebe. Both Bill and Melinda are keen Philanthropist’s starting the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation which has committed more than $3. 2 billion to global health, $2 billion to improve learning opportunities to low income families, $477 million to community projects and more than $488 million to special projects and annual giving campaigns. We will write a custom essay sample on Bill Gates Leadership Quality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bill Gates retired as Microsoft CEO in 2008. Bill Gates- An Entrepreneur, Manager and Leader: †¢ Focus: Bill Gates has demonstrated over nearly thirty years the importance of clarity of thought and execution.Unlike many of his contemporaries, he did not move away from the domain he understood better than anything else software. He has pursued the objective of dominance in software in general and operating systems in particular that has few parallels. Venturing into unfamiliar territory may be fashionable but carries a high degree of risk. If ever a need arises for an absolute example for what Peters and Waterman called Stick to the Knitting and Hamel and Prahalad termed core competence, one needs to look no further than Bill Gates and Microsoft.Focus also means the ability to pursue ones goals whatever the obstacles may be. Such a degree of perseverance is hard to come by. †¢ Thinking big: Along with focus, the ability to dream big and pursue that with single-minded determination sets Gates apart from other entrepreneurs. This is particularly true of entrepreneurs from emerging economies like India where an ultra-conservative attitude has stifled growth. Entrepreneurs need to develop confidence in themselves and their team that they can take on the world and come out winners. †¢ Passion: Simply put, if anything is worth doing, it is worth doing well. From a simple thank you note to a complex proposal, it is critical to place the stamp of excellence on whatever one undertakes. Equally important is the need to constantly innovate. Change is the only constant and the more agile and adaptive we are to change, the more successful we can be. †¢ Learning as a life-long process: Though dropping out of college to his dreams, Bill Gates has probably read and written more than most of us ever will. In the process, he has shown the limits of formal education. Important as formal education is, perhaps it is more important to realize that learning is a life-long process.Knowledge is infinite. Even if we keep assimilating it without a break throughout a lifetime, we would not have scratched the surface. Knowledge should lead to humility and wisdom not arrogance and one-upmanship. Gates as philanthropist: Aside from being the most famous businessman of the late 1990s, Gates also has distinguished himself as a philanthropist (someone working for charity). He and wife Melinda established the Bill ; Melinda Gates Foundation, which focuses on helping to improve health care and education for children around the world. The foundation has donated $4 billion since its start in 1996.Recent pledges include $1 billion over twenty years to fund college scholarships for about one thousand minority students; $750 million over five years to help launch the Global Fund for Childrens Vaccines; $50 million to help the World Health Organizations efforts to eradicate polio, a crippling disease that usually attacks children; and $3 million to help prevent the spread of acquired immune deficie ncy syndrome (AIDS; an incurable disease that destroys the bodys immune system) among young people in South Africa. In November 1998 Gates and his wife also gave the largest single gift to a U. S. public library, when they donated $20 million to the Seattle Public Library. Another of Gatess charitable donations was $20 million given to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to build a new home for its Laboratory for Computer Science. In July 2000 the foundation gave John Hopkins University a five-year, $20 million grant to study whether or not inexpensive vitamin and mineral pills can help save lives in poor countries. On November 13, 2000, Harvard Universitys School of Public Health announced it had received $25 million from the foundation to study AIDS prevention in Nigeria.The grant was the largest single private grant in the schools history. It was announced on February 1, 2001, that the foundation would donate $20 million to speed up the global eradication (to completely erase) of the disease commonly known as elephantiasis, a disease that causes disfigurement. In 2002 Gates, along with rock singer Bono, announced plans for DATA Agenda, a $24 billion fund (partially supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation) that seeks to improve health care in Africa.Although many describe Gates as cold and distant, his friends find him friendlier since his marriage and since the birth of his daughter, Jennifer, in April 1996. Further, he recognizes his overall contribution to both the world of technology and his efforts in philanthropy. In Forbes magazines 2002 list of the two hundred richest people in the world, Gates was number one for the eighth straight year, coming in with a net worth of $52. 8 billion. Bill Gates Criticism: With his great success in the computer software industry also came many criticisms.With his ambitious and aggressive business philosophy, Gates or his Microsoft lawyers have been in and out of courtrooms fighting legal battles almost since Microsoft began. The Microsoft monopoly sets about completely dominating every market it enters through either acquisition, aggressive business tactics or a combination of them. Many of the largest technology companies have fought legally against the actions of Microsoft, including Apple Computer, Netscape, Opera, WordPerfect, and sun Microsystems. Why do I like Bill Gates: I think Bill Gates represents the best of us. its not just what hes doing but how he thinks about what hes doing. Hes a curious geek. He wants to find interesting problems to solve. He believes that smart, self-motivated people working together can make a difference. Bill Gates reflects the best qualities of a generation that has grown up finding the innovative ways to apply science and technology to impact our everyday life in mostly positive ways. Gates made an important and potentially difficult transition at age 52, leaving Microsoft as CEO and devoting more of his time and energy to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.Its a shift in focus, moving from defining strategy for Microsoft to a broader strategy for improving the lives of the worlds poor. He is a self-made American who has matured into a role model and leader. He is thoughtful and tactful where a younger version would have been brash and impetuous. Like Windows, improvement for Gates has required multiple iterations but the insistence on getting it right won out eventually. The newest release of Bill Gates is the best yet. Hes not just analytical when he talks about improving education.He appears to be moved while describing his interaction with highly motivated teachers who see their profession as a higher calling. He highly recommends Big History a series of lectures by David Christian, available through The Teaching Company. It`s really very depressing when we learn that how American executives have brought ruin to American business and our economy. They arent leaders worth following. Gates is different. He deserves genuine admiration, in my view. Hes more than a technologist. Hes both a realist and an optimist. Hes become a world leader worth listening to.

Private Lives by Noel Coward Act One

Private Lives by Noel Coward Act One Private Lives is a play written by Noel Coward, first performed in 1930 on the London stage, starring Adrianne Allen and Laurence Olivier as the supporting characters, Gertrude Lawrence as the female lead (Amanda) and Coward (yes, the playwright himself) in the lead male role (Elyot). This witty comedy explores what happens when ex-spouses encounter one another while on their second honeymoon. During Act One, as the synopsis of the script will indicate, we learn that Amanda and Elyot are not suitably matched with their fellow newlyweds. Instead, despite their natural inclination to be petty and argue with each other, they fall suddenly and madly back in love. But will it last? The Setting of Private Lives Act One of Noel Cowards play takes place in a French hotel overlooking a harbor (with an expensive yacht within view of the characters). The two hotel rooms are side-by-side, each with their own balcony. Elyot and Sybil British couple celebrating their honeymoon. It is Elyots second marriage. She wonders how she compares to Amanda, Elyots first wife. (From five years ago.) He explains that doesnt hate his ex-wife, but he does feel sorry for her. Sybil asks if he could ever love Amanda again. He explains that love should be cozy and not filled with drama and jealousy and rage. She also states that she looks for masculinity within her husband: I like a man to be a man. He speculates that his new, feminine wife has designs to shape his character into some masculine ideal. She objects, but he comments that her plans might be subconscious. After ending the conversation about his ex-wife, he suggests that they go down to the casino. Amanda and Victor After Sybil and Elyot exit, another honeymooning couple appears in the next room. The newlyweds are Victor and Amanda (Thats right Elyots ex-wife.) Victor strikes up a conversation similar to he previous couple. He is curious about Amandas ex-husband. She reveals that she and Elyot physically fought each other on many occasions: VICTOR: He struck you once, didnt he? AMANDA: Oh more than once. VICTOR: Where? AMANDA: Several places. VICTOR: What a cad! AMANDA: I struck him too. Once I broke four gramophone records over his head. It was very satisfying. As they discuss her first marriage and their honeymoon plans, we learn a few contrasts about each character. For example, Sybil hates sunburned women because it seems unladylike. On the other hand, Amanda is anxious to get a sunburn, despite her husbands distaste. We also learn that both Amanda and Elyot are found of gambling, not just at the casino, but taking risks in life. In the middle of their conversation, Victor realizes that he does not really know his new bride very well. He is shocked when she says that she is not a normal person. AMANDA: I think very few people are completely normal really deep down in their private lives it all depends on a combination of circumstances. After a romantic kiss, Victor and Amanda exit to prepare for their evening together. Elyot sits alone on his balcony. Amanda does the same. They do not notice each other until begins singing along to music. Amanda notices him first, and although they are surprised to see each other, they attempt to remain calm. Amanda excuses herself and goes inside. Elyot tries to explain to Sybil that they must leave at once, but he does not reveal the reason. When she refuses to allow them to leave, Sybil bursts into tears as Elyot rages about her stubbornness. In the next room, Amanda is in a similar argument with her husband. However, when Victor remains obstinate she reverts to the truth. But Victor believes that she has only imagined her ex-husband. Victor storms off, headed for the bar. Sybil leaves in hysterics, headed for the downstairs dining room. Elyot and Amanda recall their early days together, reminiscing over the pleasant times and walking through the character flaws that led to their downfall. ELYOT: Were not in love all over again and you know it. She asks about Elyots travels throughout the world. In the middle of that conversation, Elyot confesses that he loves her. He wants her back again. They kiss. He proposes that they escape immediately, but she thinks that they should be honest with their new spouses. He convinces her otherwise and together they leave the hotel room. Victor Meets Sybil Sybil and Victor both enter their respective balconies looking for their missing spouses. Victor chats with her, inviting her for a drink. They look off into a distance, noticing the yacht down in the harbor. Act One ends wondering if Elyot and Amandas whirlwind reconciliation will last, and whether or not the jilted spouses Victor and Sybil will find comfort in one anothers company.

Discussion type of stages Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion type of stages - Assignment Example The space left behind a proscenium is fashioned to be packed with scenery and flats for elaborate sets but it is not necessary. When it is left empty, it symbolizes an eloquent empty space and in its vastness and hollow cavernousness expresses choices not made, memories, and uncreated illusions (Puchner, 2007). There is an overwhelming feeling watching characters on this set up create their fictional existence in front and inside this purpose-built cave. With all the proscenium theatre effects, the time an actor takes walking across to downstage, effects of rather murky little figures emerge into the brightness from the gloom, extraordinary light quality on a proscenium stage, and fog effects among others are a genuine marvel and purely a theatrical wonder. This theatre setup is dumb striking and amazing specially the effects of an empty proscenium. The stage makes provisions for an actor to stand between the greater stage expanse and the auditorium thresholds, a virtual space where we can only glimpse, but not enter physically awarding them a liminal position and a magical sphere to speak right at us (Puchner, 2007). Personally, there is nothing comparable to Proscenium Theater. It is the ultimate theatrical high. It does not take much as well, just an arch, a lot of space and a great

Entrepreneurship- Patent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Entrepreneurship- Patent - Essay Example It works a great deal in detecting cases of diabetes to those who show no symptoms towards the disease. Working tirelessly with my colleagues, we have developed a system whereby it would be simply easy to test for diabetes, pre-diabetes or people who have suffer from diabetes complication. The information included therein contains every procedure and the test device used to test for diabetes. In this regard, the information remains intellectual property of the original owners according to US Patent rights. The information contained in the file named under, â€Å"METHODS FOR DETECTING PRE-DIABETES AND DIABETES USING DIFFERENTIAL PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION†, Application and Publication Number US 13/457,225 & US20120214179 A1 respectively is the property of the inventor. The materials and procedure provide a unique way which has not be invented by any other individual on testing of pre-diabetes which are those likely to have diabetes in future. This is the cutting edge as the owners’ claims exclusive rights towards an improved diabetes testing

Assingment 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assingment 3 - Assignment Example A favorable relationship allows the manager to have a task structure that is highly formed and he is able to punish or reward the employees. An unfavorable relationship is usually associated with a poor task structure and the leader has limited authority. 3) Positioning power-, this variable usually measures the amount of power and authority that a manager perceives the organization has granted him for the purpose of rewarding, directing, and punishing of subordinates. Positioning of managers usually depends on the increment of the decision making power of employees. Path goal is a theory that was developed in order to describe the way leaders are able to support and encourage their followers in the achievement of goals that have been set by making the path of success easy and clear (House, 1996). The leader in this case is supposed to, This type of leadership involves the consideration of the follower’s needs, showing concern for their wellbeing and the creation of a working environment that is friendly. This will include the increment of the self-esteem for the followers and enhancing job roles to make work more interesting. This usually works best in a scenario whereby the work is hazardous, boring, or stressful. Directive leadership is the kind of leadership whereby the leader tells the followers what is supposed to be done and helps in guiding them along the way. This will include schedules for specific work and specific time. This involves the consultation of followers and asking for ideas and considering them in the process of decision-making. This approach usually works best in a situation whereby the followers are experts in a certain field. This involves the setting up of goals that are challenging for self-improvement and at work. In this case, high standards are usually expected and demonstrated. The leader should show faith in capabilities of the follower. This approach is best in a complex job

Is Light a Wave or a Particle?

Is Light a Wave or a Particle? Is light a wave or a collection of particles? The answer is both, Light can be modelled as an electromagnetic wave or a stream of photons Light is an electromagnetic wave as it travels through a vacuum of outer space to transfer its energy from one location to another. ( The physics classroom, 1996-2014) Electromagnetic waves are created by the vibration of an electric charge. This vibration creates a wave which has both an electric and a magnetic component. An electromagnetic wave transports its energy through a vacuum at a speed of 3.00 x 108 m/s (a speed value commonly represented by the symbol c). The Wave theory of was originally developed by Huygens His theory said that light travelled through space by travelling through a medium known as the ether, a mystical weightless substance, which exists as an invisible entity throughout air and space. Huygens believed that ether vibrated in the same direction as light, and formed a wave itself as it carried the light waves. Huygens Principle described how each point on a wave could produce its own wavelets, which then added together to form a wavefront. Light also displays certain properties of waves such as reflection, refraction and diffraction. These occur when a wave reaches the end of the medium. Reflection is when the light bounces off an obstacle. The most common example is the reflection of light waves off mirrored surface results in the formation of an image. Another characteristic of wave reflection is that the angle at which the wave approaches a flat reflecting surface is equal to the angle at which the wave leaves the surface. Reflection is observed in water and sound waves and is also observed in light. (The physics classroom, 1996-2014) Refraction is when a wave passes from one medium to another medium. When the wave crosses the boundary between the two mediums the direction of the wave changes and the path of the wave is essentially bent. The direction of the bend depends on the speed at which the wave is moving through the mediums, if it is moving from a fast medium to a slow medium it will bend one way and going from a slow medium to a fast medium it will bend the opposite way. The angle of the bend will depend on the actual speeds of the two mediums. (The physics classroom, 1996-2014) Refraction occurs in sound and water waves. It can be seen in light in the refraction of light through a glass or a mirage is an optical illusion caused when light waves moving from the sky toward the ground are bent by the heated air Diffraction involves a change in direction of waves as they pass through an opening or around an obstacle in their path. Water and sound waves have the ability to travel around corners, around obstacles and through openings. When light encounters an obstacle in its path, the obstacle blocks the light and tends to cause the formation of a shadow in the region behind the obstacle. Light does not exhibit a very noticeable ability to bend around the obstacle and fill in the region behind it with light. Nonetheless, light does diffract around obstacles. In fact, if you observe a shadow carefully, you will notice that its edges are extremely fuzzy. Interference effects occur due to the diffraction of light around different sides of the object, causing the shadow of the object to be fuzzy. This is often demonstrated with a laser light and penny demonstration. Light diffracting around the right edge of a penny can constructively and destructively interfere with light diffracting around the left edge of the penny. The result is that an interference pattern is created; the pattern consists of alternating rings of light and darkness. As can be seen in this photo. How can we test if light is a wave? An experiment called the double slit experiment was designed by the scientist Thomas Young. It required a light source, a thin card with two holes cut side by side and a screen. To run the experiment, Young allowed a beam of light to pass through a pinhole and strike the card. If light contained particles or simple straight-line rays, he reasoned, light not blocked by the opaque card would pass through the slits and travel in a straight line to the screen, where it would form two bright spots. This isnt what Young observed. Instead, he saw a bar code pattern of alternating light and dark bands on the screen. To explain this unexpected pattern, he imagined light traveling through space like a water wave, with crests and troughs. Thinking this way, he concluded that light waves traveled through each of the slits, creating two separate wave fronts. As these wave fronts arrived at the screen, they interfered with each other. Bright bands formed where two wave crests overlapped and added together. Dark bands formed where crests and troughs lined up and canceled each other out completely. This proves the theory that light is a wave. The particle theory of light This theory was developed by Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Eistein and said that the energy emitted by light travelled as small minimum quantities or packets of electromagnetic energy called photons According to the photon theory of light, photons . . . move at a constant velocity,c= 3 x 108m/s (i.e. the speed of light), in free space have zero mass carry energy and momentum, and The energy of each photon is directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation. can be destroyed/created when radiation is absorbed/emitted. can have particle-like interactions (i.e. collisions) with electrons and other particles. (Jones, 2014) The photoelectric effect supports the particle theory of light The photoelectric effect is the phenomena where a metal releases electrons when exposed to light or electromagnetic radiation of a particular frequency. These emitted electrons are called photoelectrons. So basically this is how it works Every metal has a threshold frequency this is the minimum frequency of light or electromagnetic radiation that will causes the release of electron from the surface of a metal. This is because this frequency will supply the minimum amount of energy needed to overcome the force of attraction between the metal and the electron this is known as the work function of the metal What happens is when a light photon with energy equal to hf (h being planks constant and f being greater than or equal to the threshold frequency) strikes a metal surface all the energy of the photon is transferred to the electron. (Louw, 2014) Another way to prove the particle theory is the Atomic Spectra Emission spectra are produced when light from a light source such as a filament or a gas discharge tube is observed through a diffraction grating or a prism Continous spectra are produced when light from a glowing solid state material such as a filament passes through a triangular prism. This is because Energy transitions take place this means that in an atom electrons have specific energy levels as you can see An electron is excited to an unstable higher energy level and then falls back to a lower level. Photons with a specific energy and frequency are emitted. In such dense substances, the atoms are so close together that many different transitions of electrons can take place and light photons of any wave length can be radiated. This results in the different colours being emitted. The production of the line emission spectra A glowing gas is obtained by heating it or passing an electric current through it The glowing gas in the discharge tube is then observed through a diffraction grating ( a diffraction creating is a transparent plate on which parallel lines are ruled very closely à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±600 per mm The electrons in an atom have only specific energy levels When an atom is in a gaseous state, electrons can be excited to a higher energy level through heat or electricity The electrons absorb a discrete amount of energy for a specific jump for example between energy level 3 and 1 The excited state is unstable so the electron falls back almost immediately to a lower level and emits light energy in the form of photons The energy of an emitted photon equals the energy difference between the higher and lower energy levels. The energy is emitted as light with a definite frequency and specific colour. Each element will produce a different line spectra due to the differing energy levels Atomic spectras that are observed can only be explained if light was a stream of particles. It can therefore be stated that light as dual particle-wave nature Pictures (Richard Anderson, 2011) (Top ten thailand , 2014) (Abovetopsecret, 2014) (Atal, 2011) (Britannica, 2014) (HowStuffWorks, 2014) (xsgeo, 1999) (Mastin, 2009) (Greenfield, 2002) (Paley, 2010) (Norton, 2013) (Anon., n.d.) (University of Nebraska Lincoln, 2014) Bibliography The physics classroom, 1996-2014. Propagation of an Electromagnetic Wave. [Online] Available at: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/waves/em.cfm [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Abovetopsecret, 2014. Scalar waves. [Online] Available at: http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread986938/pg4 [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Anon., n.d. Tumbler. [Online] Available at: http://onemeonelife.tumblr.com/ [Accessed 1 October 2014]. Atal, A., 2011. Davisson–Germer Experiment. [Online] Available at: http://sciencesummit.wordpress.com/2011/05/12/davisson–germer-experiment/ [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Britannica, 2014. Desert Mirage. [Online] Available at: http://kids.britannica.com/elementary/art-89417/A-mirage-in-the-desert-of-Namibia-leads-people-to [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Greenfield, D., 2002. Optical networking: fundamentals of light. [Online] Available at: http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=27658 [Accessed 1 October 2014]. HowStuffWorks, 2014. How light works. [Online] Available at: http://science.howstuffworks.com/light3.htm [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Jones, A. Z., 2014. What is a photon?. [Online] Available at: http://physics.about.com/od/lightoptics/f/photon.htm [Accessed 1 October 2014]. Louw, R., 2014. Physical Sciences, the Answer Series. 1st ed. Cape Town : The Answer. Mastin, L., 2009. QUANTA AND WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY. [Online] Available at: http://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_quantum_quanta.html [Accessed 1 October 2014]. nightlase, 2014. Theory of Light. [Online] Available at: http://www.nightlase.com.au/education/optics/light.htm [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Norton, J. D., 2013. Origins of Quantum Theory. [Online] Available at: http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/quantum_theory_origins/ [Accessed 1 October 2014]. Paley, N., 2010. Czech myself before I wreck myself. [Online] Available at: http://blog.ninapaley.com/category/philosophy/ [Accessed 1 October 2014]. Richard Anderson, 2011. Santilli IsoRedShift. [Online] Available at: http://www.workshops-hadronic-mechanics.org/isoshifts.html [Accessed 24 September 2014]. school physics, 2013. Theories of light. [Online] Available at: http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Wave properties/Wave properties/text/Theories_of_light/index.html [Accessed 24 September 2014]. The physics classroom, 1996-2014. Wavelike Behaviors of Light. [Online] Available at: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Wavelike-Behaviors-of-Light [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Top ten thailand , 2014. 10 Crazy Facts About Mirrors. [Online] Available at: http://www.toptenthailand.com/topten/detail/20140103122902277 [Accessed 24 September 2014]. University of Nebraska Lincoln, 2014. Spectral Classification of Stars. [Online] Available at: http://astro.unl.edu/naap/hr/hr_background1.html [Accessed 1 October 2014]. xsgeo, 1999. WHAT MAKES A WIGGLE ?. [Online] Available at: http://www.xsgeo.com/course/wiggle.htm [Accessed 25 September 2014]. Utilitarian Consequentialist Perspective: Ethics of Cloning Utilitarian Consequentialist Perspective: Ethics of Cloning The emergence of a cloned ewe called Dolly in 1997 was a shock to the entire globe. Since an animal had been successfully cloned, it was only natural for scientists to try to replicate human beings. In 2001, a U.S. Company that deals with Advanced Cell Technology announced their first attempt towards making a human clone.   Even though the experiment failed, the developments in biotechnology sparked a lot of interests regarding the morality and ethics of human cloning. This essay explores the bioethical issue of human cloning and how it challenges the absolute worth of the life of a human being from a utilitarian consequentialist perspective. Utilitarianism is a prominent ethical theory that assesses the rightness or wrongness of actions or ideas based on their implications for the mass population. Utilitarians view morality as an opportunity to make life better or to increase the good things on the planet by reducing the bad aspects. They think that what makes ideas and actions justified is their positive contribution to the human race. A person or entity is thus forced to develop calculations that will balance things out to generate the most happiness. Additionally, consequentialism allows morality to generate all forms of overall consequences (Vaughn, 2015). In the issue of human cloning, a utilitarian viewpoint would argue that it is essential to weigh the pleasure and pain that the idea or action will produce. Cloning entails the procedure of acquiring genetic material from one living organism to formulate an identical copy of it artificially. The outward appearance of the clone and organism will appear similar, but they will both have different personalities and attitudes. Human cloning possesses benefits such as the creation of additional living organisms that people need, regenerating an extinct species, providing infertile couples with children, compensating for the loss of a child, elimination of the birth defects, tissue and organ harvesting, amongst others (Vaughn, 2015). According to Vaughn (2015), the adverse implications of human cloning include the possibility of using the clones as slaves, experimentations on human beings, the lack of individuality of a clone, uncertain future outcomes regarding the health of the clone, aggressive genetic illnesses, social divide, etc. Human cloning is considered morally wrong by everyone who comes into contact with the potential dangers of the process. A significant portion of the clones dies after or before they are formed. They also obtain different malformations and abnormalities. Up to now, not even animal clones have successfully been created. It is thus disheartening to even contemplate a human child arising from a similar process. However, human cloning from a utilitarian consequentialist perspective is set to benefit many people on earth. From the standpoint, it is viewed as morally justified. Genetically altering the chromosomal composition of a person so that he or she can be free from defects would be ethically right. However, the uncertainty that arises from cloning makes it difficult to develop a concise analysis of the positive implications of the process. For example, the clone ewe, Dolly, was a remarkable creature who broke the boundaries of human thinking to usher in the prospects of human cloning. However, a few years later, Dolly exhibited signs of premature aging as well as genetic diseases (Vaughn, 2015). It is thus not right for scientists to be provided with the go ahead to dive into genetic engineering due to the uncertain outcomes of human cloning. At this early stage, a utilitarian consequentialist perspective of the bioethical issue is a bit hazy because it appears as if many individuals will not benefit from the scientific procedure. But there is also the aspect of a few mistakes saving millions of lives and ensuring the survival of the human race particularly at a time when the environment is in danger, and they are numerous incurable illnesses. Fortunately, with the introduction of computer simulations, it will be easier to examine the positive implications of human cloning to the general population since they will be no urgency to conduct human and animal experiments. Reference Vaughn, L. (2015). Doing ethics: Moral reasoning and contemporary issues. WW Norton Company.

The Colliding Dynamics of Class Structure Essay -- Sociology

The rigidity of class structure is the culprit for the vast number of inequities in society. Power is concentrated in the hands of a small sector; leaving a few individuals to have more authority and influence, in comparison to others. The construction of class structure identifies the way groups are divided into social positions. Differences stemming from social position are further exemplified by the accessibility to valuable resources–such as wealth, education, occupation, and status. Those with distinguished command in society have access to these increasingly wide ranges of resources, which may be present in limited forms to the less powerful. Used as a device of supremacy, power is a style of control when the basis is acquiring these societal possessions. Even though class structure is considered to be fluid in nature, for some it is a complex web of entanglements hard to deal with it. Groups who suffer from social and material deprivations are not doing so by choice, b ut hugely in part to economical and occupational factors. These prominent distinctions have led several to fall victim to the systems of hierarchy. Built within these schemes are the inequalities that arise due to one’s position; and captured inside are the outcomes that influence levels of individual, educational, and occupational independence. People who do observe the inequities between classes may feel the impact of social stratification in various ways. Similarly the dynamics of class structure are very significant elements found throughout the works of Virginia Woolf, George Orwell, and Karl Marx. They are all in agreement that society host the series of conflicts underlying that of class structure. Class structure as a whole denotes differing realit... ...ist Feminism." Critical Sociology (Brill Academic Publishers) 25.2/3 (1999): 196-217. Academic Search Complete. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. Marx, Karl, and Frederick Engels. Marx/Engels Selected Works, Vol. One. Moscow. Progress Publishers, 1969, N. pag. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist- manifesto/index.htm. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. Orwell, George. "Shooting an Elephant". The Seagull Reader Essays. 2nd Edition. Ed. Joseph Kelly. New York. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2008. 243-250. Print. Peet, Richard. "Inequality and Poverty: A Marxist-Geographic Theory." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 65.4 (1975): 564-571. Academic Search Complete. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One's Own. New York. Quality Paperback Book Club, 1992. Print. Woolf, Virginia. Three Guineas. New York. Quality Paperback Book Club, 1992. Print.